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A bstract The Scotogenic model extends the standard model with three singlet fermion N _( i )and one inert doublet scalar η to address the common origin of tiny neutrino mass and dark matter. For fermion dark matter N _(1), a hie...
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A bstract The Scotogenic model extends the standard model with three singlet fermion N _( i )and one inert doublet scalar η to address the common origin of tiny neutrino mass and dark matter. For fermion dark matter N _(1), a hierarchical Yukawa structure ∣ y 1 e ∣ ? ∣ y 1 μ ∣ ～ ∣ y 1 τ ∣ ～ O 1 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ \mid {y}_{1e}\mid \ll \mid {y}_{1\mu}\mid \sim \mid {y}_{1\tau}\mid \sim \mathcal{O}(1) $$\end{document} is usually favored to satisfy constraints from lepton flavor violation and relic density. Such large μ -related Yukawa coupling would greatly enhance the pair production of charged scalar η ~( ± )at the muon collider. In this paper, we investigate the dilepton and mono-photon signature of the Scotogenic model at a 14 TeV muon collider. For the dimuon signature , we find that most viable samples can be probed with 200 fb~( ? 1)data. The ditau signature is usually less promising, but it is important to probe the small |y _(1 μ ) | region. The mono-photon signature could also probe the compressed mass region M _(1)? M η ± \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$ {M}_{\eta^{\pm }} $$\end{document} . Masses of charged scalar η ~( ± )and dark matter N _(1)can be further extracted by a binned likelihood fit of the dilepton energy.
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When Darwin visited the Galapagos archipelago, he observed that, in spite of the islands’ physical similarity, members of species that had dispersed to them recently were beginning to diverge from each other. He postulated that t...
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When Darwin visited the Galapagos archipelago, he observed that, in spite of the islands’ physical similarity, members of species that had dispersed to them recently were beginning to diverge from each other. He postulated that these divergences must have resulted primarily from interactions with sets of other species that had also diverged across these otherwise similar islands. By extrapolation, if Darwin is correct, such complex interactions must be driving species divergences across all ecosystems. However, many current general ecological theories that predict observed distributions of species in ecosystems do not take the details of between-species interactions into account. Here we quantify, in sixteen forest diversity plots (FDPs) worldwide, highly significant negative density-dependent (NDD) components of both conspecific and heterospecific between-tree interactions that affect the trees’ distributions, growth, recruitment, and mortality. These interactions decline smoothly in significance with increasing physical distance between trees. They also tend to decline in significance with increasing phylogenetic distance between the trees, but each FDP exhibits its own unique pattern of exceptions to this overall decline. Unique patterns of between-species interactions in ecosystems, of the general type that Darwin postulated, are likely to have contributed to the exceptions. We test the power of our null-model method by using a deliberately modified data set, and show that the method easily identifies the modifications. We examine how some of the exceptions, at the Wind River (USA) FDP, reveal new details of a known allelopathic effect of one of the Wind River gymnosperm species. Finally, we explore how similar analyses can be used to investigate details of many types of interactions in these complex ecosystems, and can provide clues to the evolution of these interactions.
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The capability of revising its beliefs upon new information in a rational and efficient way is crucial for an intelligent agent. The classical work in belief revision focuses on idealized models and is not concerned with computati...
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The capability of revising its beliefs upon new information in a rational and efficient way is crucial for an intelligent agent. The classical work in belief revision focuses on idealized models and is not concerned with computational aspects. In particular, many researchers are interested in the logical properties (e.g. the AGM postulates) that a rational revision operator should possess. For the implementation of belief revision, however, one has to consider that any realistic agent is a finite being and that calculations take time. In this article, we introduce a new operation for revising beliefs which we call reinforcement belief revision. The computational model for this operation allows us to assess it in terms of time and space consumption. Moreover, the operation is proved equivalent to a (semantical) model based on the concept of possible worlds, which facilitates showing that reinforcement belief revision satisfies all desirable rationality postulates.
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This article studies the connection between the capital market and the real estate market. Empirically, we find that positive real house price shocks lower the external finance premium and stimulate nonresidential investment and r...
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This article studies the connection between the capital market and the real estate market. Empirically, we find that positive real house price shocks lower the external finance premium and stimulate nonresidential investment and real gross domestic product (GDP). Our theoretical framework is able to mimic the volatility of the external finance premium, the relative price of real estate and capital and the investment in real estate and capital. It also captures the cyclically of the external finance premium and of real estate prices. The contribution of real estate price fluctuations to the variability of the external finance premium and the GDP is confirmed to be significant.
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Energy and environmental issues have given rise to the development of advanced energy‐storage devices worldwide. Electrochemical energy technologies, such as rechargeable batteries, are considered to be
Energy and environmental issues have given rise to the development of advanced energy‐storage devices worldwide. Electrochemical energy technologies, such as rechargeable batteries, are considered to be the most reliable and efficient candidates. Compared with other batteries, zinc‐based batteries seem promising due to their advantages, including inherent safety, cost‐effectiveness, and environmentally friendliness. As potential alternatives to conventional inorganic cathodes, organic cathodes for Zn–organic batteries have become a hot topic for research, owing to their favorable characteristics, such as easy structure design, controllable synthesis, and environmental benignancy. Herein, a systematic overview on the fundamentals of organic cathode materials for zinc batteries, including material design, electrochemical mechanisms, technical advances, and challenging analysis, is provided. Furthermore, perspectives and corresponding research directions are offered to facilitate the future development of organic cathode materials for zinc batteries toward practical applications.
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In this paper, the convergence of the distributions of the solutions (CDS) of a stochastic two-predator one-prey model with time delay is considered. Some traditional methods that are used to study the CDS of stochastic population...
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In this paper, the convergence of the distributions of the solutions (CDS) of a stochastic two-predator one-prey model with time delay is considered. Some traditional methods that are used to study the CDS of stochastic population models without delay can not be applied to investigate the CDS of stochastic population models with delay. In this paper, we use an asymptotic approach to study the problem. By taking advantage of this approach, we show that under some simple conditions, there exist three numbers p_1 > p_2 > p_3, which are represented by the coefficients of the model, closely related to the CDS of our model. We prove that if p_1 < 1, then lim_(t→+∞) N_i(t) = 0 almost surely, i = 1, 2,3; If p_i > 1 > P_(i+1), i = 1,2, then lim_(t→+∞) N_j(t) = 0 almost surely, j = i + 1, ...,3, and the distributions of N_1(t),...,N)i(t))~T converge to a unique ergodic invariant distribution (UEID); If p_3 > 1, then the distributions of (N_1(t), N_2(t), N_3(t))~T converge to a UEID. We also discuss the effects of stochastic noises on the CDS and introduce several numerical examples to illustrate the theoretical results.
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Electromagnetic absorbers have drawn increasing attention in many areas. A series of plasmonic and metamaterial structures can work as efficient narrowband absorbers due to the excitation of plasmonic or photonic resonances, provi...
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Electromagnetic absorbers have drawn increasing attention in many areas. A series of plasmonic and metamaterial structures can work as efficient narrowband absorbers due to the excitation of plasmonic or photonic resonances, providing a great potential for applications in designing selective thermal emitters, biosensing, etc. In other applications such as solar-energy harvesting and photonic detection, the bandwidth of light absorbers is required to be quite broad. Under such a background, a variety of mechanisms of broadband/multiband absorption have been proposed, such as mixing multiple resonances together, exciting phase resonances, slowing down light by anisotropic metamaterials, employing high loss materials and so on.
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Electromagnetic absorbers have drawn increasing attention in many areas. A series of plasmonic and metamaterial structures can work as efficient narrowband absorbers due to the excitation of plasmonic or photonic resonances, provi...
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Electromagnetic absorbers have drawn increasing attention in many areas. A series of plasmonic and metamaterial structures can work as efficient narrowband absorbers due to the excitation of plasmonic or photonic resonances, providing a great potential for applications in designing selective thermal emitters, biosensing, etc. In other applications such as solar-energy harvesting and photonic detection, the bandwidth of light absorbers is required to be quite broad. Under such a background, a variety of mechanisms of broadband/multiband absorption have been proposed, such as mixing multiple resonances together, exciting phase resonances, slowing down light by anisotropic metamaterials, employing high loss materials and so on.
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) may destroy endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis (ER homeostasis) and leads to programmable cell death. Unfolded protein response (UPR) originally stimulated by ER stress is critical for the s...
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) may destroy endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis (ER homeostasis) and leads to programmable cell death. Unfolded protein response (UPR) originally stimulated by ER stress is critical for the survival of tumor cells through trying to re-establish ER homeostasis as an adaption to harsh microenvironment. However, mechanisms involving key regulators in modulating UPR remain underexplored.The expression of LINP1 in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) tissues and cell lines was assessed. Subsequently, LINP1 was knocked out, knocked down or overexpressed in cSCC cells. CCK-8 assays, colony forming assays, transwell migration assays and invasiveness measurement by matrigel-coated transwell were performed to examine the role of LINP1 in cSCC development through gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments. Transcriptomic sequencing (RNA-Seq) was conducted and indicated the key downstream signaling events regulated by LINP1 including UPR and apoptosis signaling. Furthermore, the direct interaction between LINP1 and eIF2α to modulate UPR and apoptosis was confirmed by RNA pulldown, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), ChIP-qPCR and in vitro phosphorylation assays.In this study, LncRNA in non-homologous end joining pathway 1 (LINP1) was identified to be one of the top ten highest-expressed LncRNAs in cSCC, the second most common cancer in the world. Functional studies using in vitro and in vivo models revealed that LINP1 functions as an oncogene to promote cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasiveness while inhibiting cell apoptosis in cSCC. Transcriptomic sequencing after knockdown of LINP1 indicated LINP1 negatively regulates UPR-related pathways involving key effectors for activating UPR and the apoptosis following the prolonged UPR. Mechanistic study showed LINP1 physically interacts with eIF2α to inhibit its phosphorylation for avoiding unmitigated UPR. Loss of LINP1 followed by enhanced eIF2α phosphorylation led to overactivated UPR and induced DDIT3 expression, contributing to ER stress-induced apoptosis and suppression of cSCC development.Our findings demonstrate a novel regulatory hierarchy of UPR by demonstrating LINP1 as a critical modulator for eIF2α phosphorylation and a suppressor of UPR-mediated apoptosis, which suggests a novel therapeutic target for cSCC treatment.
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Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) has been widely used in the detection and quantification of gene expression levels because of its high accuracy, sensitivity, and reproducibility as well as its large dyna...
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Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) has been widely used in the detection and quantification of gene expression levels because of its high accuracy, sensitivity, and reproducibility as well as its large dynamic range. However, the reliability and accuracy of RT-qPCR depends on accurate transcript normalization using stably expressed reference genes. Amorphophallus is a perennial plant with a high content of konjac glucomannan (KGM) in its corm. This crop has been used as a food source and as a traditional medicine for thousands of years. Without adequate knowledge of gene expression profiles, there has been no report of validated reference genes in Amorphophallus. In this study, nine genes that are usually used as reference genes in other crops were selected as candidate reference genes. These putative sequences of these genes Amorphophallus were cloned by the use of degenerate primers. The expression stability of each gene was assessed in different tissues and under two abiotic stresses (heat and waterlogging) in A. albus and A. konjac. Three distinct algorithms were used to evaluate the expression stability of the candidate reference genes. The results demonstrated that EF1-a, EIF4A, H3 and UBQ were the best reference genes under heat stress in Amorphophallus. Furthermore, EF1-a, EIF4A, TUB, and RP were the best reference genes in waterlogged conditions. By comparing different tissues from all samples, we determined that EF1-α, EIF4A, and CYP were stable in these sets. In addition, the suitability of these reference genes was confirmed by validating the expression of a gene encoding the small heat shock protein SHSP, which is related to heat stress in Amorphophallus. In sum, EF1-α and EIF4A were the two best reference genes for normalizing mRNA levels in different tissues and under various stress treatments, and we suggest using one of these genes in combination with 1 or 2 reference genes associated with different biological processes to normalize gene expression. Our results will provide researchers with appropriate reference genes for further gene expression quantification using RT-qPCR in Amorphophallus.
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